5901 23RD DR W ZAP ENERGY 2025-08-04

_"qv� ZAP ENERGY ZRD-SPL-001 1.5.3 Source Description in the Simulation Zap devices produce radiation in the process of achieving fusion. The magnitude of the source term from each device is a function of the electrical power provided to it during pulsed operation and the rate at which the machine is pulsed. The greater the power provided to the device and the more frequently it is operated, the greater the radiation output . When a fusion device is operated with deuterium fuel, it results in two fusion reactions: 1H+1H, 3H(1.01 MeV)+p(3.02 MeV) 50% (2) 1H+1H. 3He(0.82 MeV)+n(2.45 MeV) 50% (3) Ionizing radiation in the form of 2.45 MeV neutrons and tritium (3H) pose radiation hazards, whereas protons and Helium (2He) are non-radioactive and remain confined inside the vacuum vessel, as the range of the charge particles at these energies are short. Neutrons at 2.45 MeV are highly penetrating and can pose a radiation hazard from external exposure. If the fusion neutrons interact with surrounding materials, for example, inelastic scattering and neutron capture reactions generate secondary prompt gammas, which will be emitted,posing similar radiation hazards as neutrons via external exposure. The hazards produced from neutrons and neutron interactions are only present when the machine is operating. Tritium is a beta emitter that releases 18.6 keV of energy during its decay process. The half-life of tritium is 12.32 years, and its main radiation hazard is through inhalation, ingestion via tritiated water or food, or absorption through the skin. The quantity of Tritium produced during FuZE and/or FuZE-Q operation is well below measurable values and results in no appreciable dose to radiation workers or members of the public. Among all the DD fusion reaction products, since neutrons are the only radiation species that can penetrate the vacuum vessel, only neutrons are modeled as the source in the simulation. The neutron energy is conservatively assumed to be a mono-energy of 2.5 MeV, which is slightly higher than the neutrons produced from thermal nuclear fusion reactions of 2.45 MeV. The source geometry is assumed a 20-cm long isotropic line source starting from(0, 0, 0) and ending at(0, 0, 20)based on Zap's internal neutron measurement data. The bremsstrahlung x-rays generated from the high-temperature plasma are not considered as their energies are below several keV that are not able to penetrate the vacuum vessel. The prompt gammas that are generated from the source neutrons interacting with the surrounding materials are considered. Zap Energy Inc. Proprietary Information 6