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� <br />In the primary examination of the root crown and trunk a mallet is used to <br />test for loose bark. Bark lifting can indicate dead or hollow areas and give signs <br />of the presence of decay in the root crown zone and at the base of the trunk. The <br />mallet may be used to "sound" for decay but has limited reliability. If decay is <br />suspected the tree will be tested using the Resistograph. Where Resistograph <br />tests were made a more detailed explanation and an interpretation with <br />illustrations is given later in the text. <br />The type of decay and its effect on the stability of the wood depends on <br />the species of fungus involved. Soil and root tissue samples may be taken to <br />determine the cause of disease by laboratory testing. <br />The inspection continues with an <br />evaluation of the tree crown, first by eye or <br />with the use of binoculars then, if <br />necessary, by climbing into the canopy of <br />the tree. The color, size and condition of <br />the leaves, trunk, branches and twigs are <br />assessed. The form and formation of all <br />the trees components give information <br />about health, vitality and structural <br />strength. The crown density, the number of <br />leaves on each stem, and past and current <br />growth extension, indicate current health <br />and reveal previous problems. Changes in <br />growth rate in past growth may indicate <br />prior disease or injury. <br />An evaluation of the general growth habit will reveal any problems related <br />to vigor, or the genetic component of tree growth. Previous treatments such as <br />pruning or cabling are observed, the quality of the work, and its effect on the tree. <br />Any growth abnormalities are noted: weak limbs, discolored or missing bark, <br />cracks or cavities in branches or trunks. Indications of disease are observed <br />Villas at Glenwood Terrace Tree Risk Assessment Robert W. Williams Consulting Arborist 4 <br />