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Other Secondary Effects Studies <br />The court decisions supporting and upholding regulatory measures were <br />supported by studies of secondary effects, some of which we summarize below: <br />Detroit: In Young v. American Mini-Theatres,(427 U.S.1976) the Supreme <br />Court affirmed that cities may use zoning to restrict adult entertainment if adult <br />entertainment is shown to have a harmful impact on neighborhoods. The City of <br />Detroit adopted an anti -Skid. Row zoning. ordinance in 1962 prohibiting certain <br />businesses, such as pool halls; pawn shops,and in an amended version in 1972, adult <br />bookstores, motion picture theatres; and cabarets; from locating within 1,000 feet of <br />any two other "regulated uses" or within 500 feet of a residentially zoned area. The <br />ordinance sustained in Young was based on studies by urban planning experts that <br />showed the adverse environmental effects of permitting certain uses to be <br />concegtrated in any given area. <br />Mt.- Ephraim, New Jersey: In the next ten years, there were a number of <br />Supreme Court cases which continued to define the limits of employing zoning as a <br />tool for restricting adult entertainment. Although it was recognized that such <br />restrictions were valid, it was also established in Schad v. Borough of Mt. Ephraim <br />(452 U.S.. 61, .1981) (though . with. a plurality .decision because.' of `varying <br />interpretations among the justices) that municipalities may not use zoning to prohibit <br />adult entertainment entirely. The deciding judges stated that the borough had not <br />offered sufficient evidence to show the incompatibility of adult uses with other <br />commercial businesses; ands"also had not provided .adequate "alternative avenues'of <br />communication"for the location of such businesses. <br />Renton, Washington: In 1986, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the .Renton, <br />Washington regulations �i City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres (475 U.S.41, 1986), <br />although the city had based its prohibitions upon a study of the secondary effects of <br />adult theatres conducted in neighboring Seattle and othei nearby cities. The Supreme <br />Court.. -stated that municipalities could rely on the experiences -of other cities. <br />Furtheanore, the Court stated that a city. must be allowed to experiment with <br />solutions -to serious problems and it must be -allowed to rely upon the experiences of <br />other municipalities about the deteriorating ''and blighting effects of adult use <br />establishments. <br />Los Angeles: In June, 1977, the Los Angeles City Planning Department <br />conducted a study of the effects of adult entertainment establishments in several <br />areas within the city. It found "a link between the concentration of such businesses <br />and increased crime in the Hollywood community" (p.1.) The study also concluded, <br />based on its analysis of percentage changes in the assessed value of commercial and <br />residential property between 1970 and 1976, that there was no direct relationship <br />between adult uses and property value changes. But in response to questionnaires, <br />it was shown that appraisers, realtors, bankers, businesspeople, and residents all <br />believed that the concentration of adult entertainment establishments has an adverse <br />EVER00 t 91 <br />5 <br />