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around the tree trunk.The system should then be covered with small stones to allow air to cir- culate over the root area. Lowering the natural ground level can seriously damage trees and shrubs.The highest per- centage of the plant roots are in the upper 12 inches of the soil and cuts of only 2-3 inches can cause serious injury.To protect the roots it may be necessary to terrace the immediate area around the plants to be saved. If roots are exposed, construction of retaining walls may be needed to keep the soil in place. Plants can also be preserved by leaving them on an undis- turbed,gently sloping mound.To increase the chances for survival, it is best to limit grade changes and other soil disturbances to areas outside the dripline of the plant. . Excavations- Protect trees and other plants when excavating for drainfields, power,water, and sewer lines.Where possible,the trenches should be routed around trees and large shrubs.When this is not possible, it is best to tunnel under them.This can be done with hand tools or with power augers. If it is not possible to route the trench around plants to be saved, then the following should be observed: • Cut as few roots as possible.When you have to cut, cut clean. Paint cut root ends with a wood dressing like asphalt base paint if roots will be exposed for more than 24-hours. • Backfill the trench as soon as possible. • Tunnel beneath root systems as close to the center of the main trunk to preserve most of the important feeder roots. Some problems that can be encountered with a few specific trees are: • Maple, Dogwood, Red alder,Western hemlock,Western red cedar,and Douglas fir do not readily adjust to changes in environment and special care should be taken to protect these trees. . The windthrow hazard of Pacific silver fir and madrona is high,while that of Western hemlock is moderate.The danger of windthrow increases where dense stands have been thinned. Other species(unless they are on shallow,wet soils less than 20 inches deep)have a low windthrow hazard. . Cottonwoods, maples,and willows have water-seeking roots.These can cause trouble in sewer lines and infiltration fields. On the other hand,they thrive in high moisture conditions that other trees would not. . Thinning operations in pure or mixed stands of Grand fir, Pacific silver fir, Noble fir, Sitka spruce,Western red cedar,Western hemlock, Pacific dogwood, and Red alder can cause ser- ious disease problems. Disease can become established through damaged limbs,trunks, roots, and freshly cut stumps. Diseased and weakened trees are also susceptible to insect attack. Maintenance Standards Inspect flagged and/or fenced areas regularly to make sure flagging or fencing has not been removed or damaged. If the flagging or fencing has been damaged or visibility reduced, it shall be repaired or replaced immediately and visibility restored. 2019 Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington Volume 11-Chapter 3-Page 272