5900 36TH AVE W SEPA 015 - 034 - SOUNDVIEW BUSINESS CAMPUS - VERITAS Land Use Decision Documents 2025-04-22

Human use of the area is generally oriented toward resource locations (e.g., fresh water, terrestrial and marine food resources, forests, and suitable terrain). Archaeological context for evaluating this project area is provided by information regarding the local and regional chronological sequence and research problem domains as included in Ames and Maschner (1999), Carlson (1990), Meltzer and Dunnell (1987), Wessen and Stilson (1987), and others. Traditional Territories Relevant ethnographic reports and syntheses of archaeological, anthropological, and historical ' sources were also reviewed (e.g., Haeberlin and Gunther 1930; Ruby and Brown 1992; Spier 1936; Suttles and Lane 1990; Waterman 1922, 2001). Information regarding Historic -era cultural features and land -use patterns was acquired by examining nineteenth-century maps. Additional resources for ' ethnohistoric accounts included electronic documents such as historical society and Tribal web pages. The study area is within the traditional lands of the Southern Coast Salish people, who are now , politically associated with the Stillaguamish and Snohomish Tribes (Haeberlin and Gunther 1930; Ruby and Brown 1992; Spier 1936; Waterman 1922, 2001). These are Southern Coast Salish speakers ' of a local dialect of the Lushootseed language (Native Languages 2013; Suttles and Lane 1990; Snohomish 2013). Native Americans in this area recognized distinctions between people based on landscape characteristics while maintaining close social and economic ties. "Saltwater Indians" lived ' at the mouth of the Snohomish River, using both riverine and marine resources. People living inland or upriver were referred to as "Canoe Indians" and made their living from both terrestrial and riverine resources (Suttles and Lane 1990; Waterman 1922, 2001). The Snohomish Tribe "comprised the largest Native American population in this county area... [living] along the shores of Puget Sound from Warm Beach, [south] to Richmond Beach and along the Snohomish River to Monroe" (Riddle 2006). In 1855, the Snohomish, Stillaguamish, and other Puget Sound Tribes met Governor Isaac Stevens and signed treaties which relinquished traditional Tribal lands and forced local Tribes onto reservations. The Snohomish Tribal leaders signed the Point Elliott Treaty, but when it was not ratified, war broke out, and for a time the Snohomish people were placed in internment on Whidbey Island (Snohomish 2013). Following the implementation of the 1855 Treaties by executive order of President Grant in 1873, the Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Skagit, Suiattle, Samish, Stillaguamish, and others were placed on the Tulalip Reservation. Although recognized as a "political entity" as signers of the Point Elliot Treaty, the Snohomish people are not recognized as a "Tribal entity" by the Federal government, and continue to seek Tribal acknowledgement and land restoration (Ruby and Brown 1992:214; Tulalip Tribes 2014). Today, the combined Tulalip Tribes exercise traditional fishing rights extending from the Canadian border south to Vashon Island, including the Snohomish River. The Snohomish Tribe also considers the project area vicinity as a usual and accustomed place (Riddle 2008). Recorded Place Names Waterman (1922, 2001) recorded numerous named geographic features near the project area. These include descriptive names for geographic features, resource procurement sites, village (or habitation sites), and names associated with mystical events. Although there are no recorded place names within the project APE or on the parcel's landform, there are two place names recorded within 1.6 km (1.0 mile) to the west of the project APE, one to the north, and one approximately 3.2 km (2.0 miles) to the northeast; all four places are on the shoreline, as would be expected given our current Tierra Archaeological Report No. 2014-077 10