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D. Organization of the Multiple Family Design Guidelines. These guidelines are divided into two parts: 1. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design; and 2. Other guidelines concerning site and building design. E. Design Guidelines and CPTED Principles. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a crime prevention strategy based on the premise that proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the opportunity for criminal behavior, the incidence and fear of crime, a reduction in calls for police service, and an improvement in the quality of life. CPTED is encompassed as one of the key foundations of the design guidelines. In addition to safety, CPTED also promotes other important planning objectives in higher density housing, such as compatibility with surrounding areas, or effective use of open space. No amount of retrofitting once a project is built can replace good original design practices. CPTED is based on 4 crime prevention strategies: 1. Natural surveillance. Enabling residents to observe their surroundings increases safety by allowing them to see trespassers, and discourages criminal behavior by making the offender feel that they will be seen and reported. These guidelines include simple strategies for maximizing natural surveillance. 2. Natural access control. The proper placement of walkways, building entrances, fences, landscaping, and lighting discourages access to crime targets and creates the perception of risk to offenders. Natural access control enhances safety through design which reduces or supplements the use of more costly access control such as security guards and mechanical devices. 3. Territorial reinforcement. Extending the sense of ownership from the private residence to the areas outside but near the dwelling through the use of physical improvements such as fencing, pavement, landscaping and lighting reinforces territorial behavior by the resident and makes the space appear less attractive to criminal behavior. 4. Maintenance serves as an additional expression of ownership and allows for continued use of the space for its intended purpose. Maintenance prevents a reduction of visibility from landscaping and obstructed or inoperative lighting. A clean and well maintained site tells offenders that residents care about their surroundings and criminal behavior will not be tolerated. F. Multiple Family Design Guidelines. The first section of the Multiple Family Design Guidelines is organized around the 4 CPTED strategies identified above. A second section addresses other site and building design elements to make higher density housing more livable for residents and compatible with surrounding areas. The following guidelines are to be used to design multiple family housing that complies with the Development Standards of the Zoning Code.