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r--ess control and surveillance are en. h..iced by CPTED's emphasis on natu. ral approaches and the added feature of increased territorial behavior and ex- panded proprietary concern. It is fundamental to this behavioral approach that the CPIED planner ex- pand the territorial concern of the owner and normal users of the space. It is equally important to present behavioral and environmental cues that tell normal users of the space that they art safe. The same cue has an inverse effect on abnormal users, or potential offenders, by increasing their perception of risk. That is, the design of the space and the way people are behaving gives the im- pression that the abnormal user will be observed. stopped, or apprehended. Accordingly, the CPTED planner learns to differentiate between the unique differences and values of various users. In the design or redesign of stone layouts, the owner must focus on t ever - al layers of individuals: . normal ustrl—persons whom you wish to be in a certain apace a abnormal ustrs—persons whom you do not wish to be in that space a observers —persons who have to be in that space .to support the human function Strategies art aimed sometimes at only one, sometimes at all of these at. egones of users, depending on the cir- cumstances. The owner must try to de- termine how space is defined for each group. Values can shift. For instance, when school lets out in the middle of the if- temoon, three or four boys who came into a shopping mail would be desir- able visitors. But if the same boys Came back at 9:30 pm when the mall was closing, and they had taken off their school clothes and were dressed strangely and had dyed their hair or- ange, they'd be less than desirable. The environment Can affect the way people feel about a place of business. The physical environment affects peo- ple's behavior and perceptions, which affect not only attitudes but also produc- tivity and lost prevention. Commercial and retail establishments have always used the physical environ- ment to affect customer perceptions and behavior. CPTED adds a new dimension by incorporating those elements into space design and mi"ement through several strategies: a Natural access control. A space should give some natural indication of where people are allowed and are not Allowed. It's best not to depend solely j on locks and security officers and in- stead to make security part of the layout. i a Natural surveillance. Traditions) factors like good lighting are important. But natural factors, such as a strategical- ly placed window or an employee work- station, can help too. o Temtonal reinforcement. This is an umbmUA concept embodying all natural surveillance and access control princi. pies. It emphasizes the enhancement of , ownership and proprietary behaviors. The following are examples of i CPTED strategy activities: a clearly defining the borders of con. ; trolled space is clearly marking transitional zones that indicate movement from public to semipublic to private space a relocating gathering areas to Iota - dons with natural surveillance and ac- cess control or to locations away from the view of would-be offenders a placing safe activities in unsafe lo- cations to bring along the natural surveil- lance of those activities (to increase the perception of Piety for normal own and of risk for of:enders) s placing unsafe activities in safe areas to overcome the danger of these activi. des with Or natural surveillarsa and ac- cess control of the safe areas a redesignating the use of space to provide natural banners to conflicting ac- i tivities a improving the scheduling of space ,. to allow for effective use a redesigning or revamping space to increase the perception or reality of nal. . unl surveillance I ■ overcoming distance and isolation through improved communiations And design affteiaicies SOMMMLS PEOPLE WHO ATRMRr TO VU CPTED concepts get the objective wrong. They attempt to apply CPTED concepts splely for security masons. They soon rand out that no one it listen- ing to them, paniculany the business - people who have to concem themselves with prof[. and loss. For instance, a crime prevention offi- cer from Bossier City, LA. conducted a security survey of a luxury clothing store. He recommended that die owner move the display of fin to within the line of sight of one cashier —to keep the patrons from steabng theni The owner refused of the basis of comcm about in- sulting his tpecial customer%. The officer returned to the store after anending a CPTED course and made the same reeanmendatio48wI3Wt tune the purpose of the recommenaution was pn- manly to enhance sales by improving clerks' ability to make immediate sales pitches to customers whom they ob- served entering the dupLiy area. By switching fun with a lingerie display that was in direct view of the clerk, the store enhanced sales while reducing the potential for losses. The underlying objectvc of CPTED is to help business do a better job of achieving its primary goal. with the added by-product of improved security acid loss prevention. The Cl'TED planer must ask, "What are you trying , do?" and "How can I help you do it better?" A successful use of CPTED concepts al- ways follows this order of priority: a How the design and uvc of physical space, a affects human decision., and behav- ior, leading to a improved productivity and profit. with ■ loss prevention and reduction as a by-product. Many clichls refer to the tendency of humans to overlook obvious solu- tions to problems. Someone who has rouble finding an object that turns out to be right in front of him or her, says. "If it had been a snake, it would have bitten me!" CPTED concepts help peo. ple look at the environment in a differ- ent light to take advantage of solutions that are often inherent in what they are doing anyway. The list of CPTED applications in re- tail is potentially endless. Design and use strategies may be employed on any scale if a potential exists for positive ef- fects on employee and cusuimer behav- ior. Productivity and phi can be en- hanced, while abnormal u ers become more visible and swam that they are under greater control and risk. ■ Timothy D. Croce a rota pram m in,il cnn,- inologisr in Louisville. KY. His hook Crime Prevention Through Environ- mental Dis,ign: Applications of Archi- tectural Design and Space Management Concepts ii'as puhl34ed him Juiie h% 8unerworih-Heinemann Publishing